Gh concentrations in internal organs of animal, muscle tissues, and fruits. At the moment, niacin is mainly applied as a feed additive to boost the utilization of feed protein, or as a pharmaceutical intermediate within the synthesis of several drugs. So far, there is no systematic description of a commercial fermentation approach of nicotinic acid (NA) or nicotinamide (NAM). Industrial production approaches are mostly ammonia oxidation and electrolytic oxidation, but the former hasFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology | www.frontiersin.orgJune 2021 | Volume 9 | ArticleWang et al.Microbial Cell Factory of VitaminsTABLE 1 | Water-soluble vitamins produced by biotechnological approaches. Vitamins Strains Biotechnological strategy Medium and precursor MM Yield
The oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense (Crustacea; Decapoda; and Palaemonidae), is widely distributed in China along with other Asian nations (Cai and Shokita, 2006; Salman et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2011), which can be a crucial commercial species with annual aquaculture production that reached 205,010 tons in 2016 (Wang et al., 2019). The identical as other Macrobrachium species, male prawns develop quicker and attain Telomerase review larger size at the harvest time (Ma et al., 2011). Therefore, male prawns are preferred inside the M. nipponense aquaculture. But the rapid development on the testis within the reproductive season is yet another most important issue that restricted the sustainable development of M. nipponense. Earlier studies revealed that the testis of a newborn M. nipponense can reach sexual maturity inside 40 days right after hatching (Jin et al., 2016). Therefore, inbreeding will take place amongst the newborn prawns. Inbreeding will result in the reduce of the ability of resistance to adversity in their offspring, the modest scale of market place prawn, plus the degradation of germplasm sources. Hence, it truly is urgently necessary to fully fully grasp the male sexual determination and development mechanism, specifically for the identification in the essential metabolic pathways and genes involved within the mechanism of male sexual determination and improvement in M. nipponense, with all the aims of establishing the strategy to make all male progeny on a industrial scale and regulating the process of testis development. The eyestalk of crustacean species has a lot of neurosecretory structures. The X-organ G complicated (XO G) is positioned in the eyestalk in crustaceans, which was identified as a principal neuroendocrine gland (Hopkins, 2012). It shops and releases the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) superfamily neurohormones, such as CHH, gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH), molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), ion transport peptides, and mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone (MOIH), STAT5 Species playing critical roles in reproduction (Treerattrakool et al., 2011, 2013; Revathi et al., 2013), molting (Pamuru et al., 2012; Salma et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2013), metabolism of glucose (Santos et al., 1997; Almeida et al., 2004), and also other functions (Tiu and Chan, 2007; Sainz-Hern dez et al., 2008; Diarte-Plata et al., 2012). Knockdown on the expression of GIH by RNA interference (RNAi) promotes the ovarian improvement in M. nipponense (Qiao et al., 2015). Knockdown of the expression of MIH by RNAi promotes the molting in M. nipponense (Qiao et al., 2018). CHH has been proven to promote testis improvement in M. nipponense (Jin et al., 2013b). A lot of earlier research have verified that the ablation of eyestalk from crustacean species has good effects on the expression of insulin-like.