family members. The demethylase-independent role of Utx remain to be elucidated. Notably, Utx constitutes a large complex that harbors components of transcriptional elongation and the chromatin remodeling factors such as Brg1-containing ATPase-dependent 
Swi/Snf members.. Both Utx and Jmjd3 function in demethylase-independent roles for T-box family gene expression. A recent study from the Magnuson lab provides further evidence for a H3K27 demethylase-independent function in the early mouse embryo. Male embryos devoid of KDM6 H3K27 demethylation survive to term, whereas female embryos have a developmental delay and exhibit a mid-gestational lethality. It has been proposed that H3K27me3 may be replaced by passive mechanisms such as replication-dependent histone turnover. We propose an auto-regulatory mechanism for Utx PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783706 activity and that the demethylase activity of Utx controls the demethylase-independent activity. Our studies reveal that the JmjC histone R-115777 price demethylases influence the timing of XCI in differentiating female ESCs. In contrast to undifferentiated ESCs, the knockdown of Utx followed by the induction of differentiation, results in the upregulation of Xist, indicating that Utx functions as a negative regulator of XCI during the cellular differentiation of female ESCs. This may be due to the ability of Utx in maintaining the expression of XCI repressors such as Tsix and Prdm14. Our findings suggest that the JmjC histone demethylases are dispensable for the maintenance of XCI as the expression of X-linked genes, with the exception of Hdac6, are not affected by GSK-J4 treatment in female MEFs. Interestingly, GSK-J4 fails to induce Xist expression in male MEFs. This difference may reflect other mechanisms for Xist repression in differentiated male cells and the plasticity of the chromatin PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19785914 in ESCs. Collectively, our study provides novel insight of the regulatory mechanisms for the maintenance of pluripotent genes, and preventing XCI by demethylation of H3K27me3 as well as H3K4me3. Materials and Methods Cell culture Female LF2 , EL16.1 ESCs; and male R1 and J1 ESCs, were maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblasts feeders as described. To remove feeders, ESCs were passaged at least once without feeders before experiments. GSK-J4 and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from R & D Systems and Cayman, respectively. The cells were treated with 10 M GSK-J4 and/or 50 g/ml L-ascorbic acid. For the serum-free differentiation of the ESCs, N2B27 media was used as described previously. 13 / 17 Dynamics of Histone Demethylation in Female ESCs Transcriptomic analysis Female ESCs were exposed to 10 M GSK-J4 plus or minus 50 g/ml L-ascorbic acid for 24 hr. The total RNA was prepared with TRIzol, treated with DNase I, and column-purified. Complementary DNA libraries were prepared and the RNA-sequencing was performed using the Illumina HISeq2500/1500 highthroughput sequencing platform at the Weill Cornell Medical College Genomics Resources Core Facility. Single-end reads were subjected to the removal of duplicates and TopHat2, Cufflinks2, CummeRbunde, and Genome Explore were used through Maser3 to analyze the reads. Gene Ontogeny analyses were performed using DAVID. The Gene Expression Omnibus accession number for the transcriptome analysis is GSE67674. ~~ Stem or progenitor cells can be used to restore function in two distinct ways: direct integration into target tissue and/or as carriers of biologically active factors. In the first paradigm, multipotent or un