Creased contractile response to electrical and pharmacological stimulation, a rise in SMA, and an improved deposition of collagen. All these alterations might be prevented by treatment together with the PDE5 inhibitor, tadalafil, suggesting an involvement of cGMP.
Kang et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2014, 11:195 http://jneuroinflammation/content/11/1/JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATIONRESEARCHOpen AccessAnti-tat Hutat2:Fc mediated protection against tat-induced Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor custom synthesis neurotoxicity and HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophagesWen Kang1,2, Wayne A Marasco3, Hsin-I Tong2, Mary Margaret Byron4, Chengxiang Wu2, Yingli Shi2, Si Sun2, Yongtao Sun1 and Yuanan Lu2AbstractBackground: HIV-1 Tat is essential for HIV replication and can also be a well-known neurotoxic factor causing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). At the moment, combined antiretroviral therapy targeting HIV reverse transcriptase or protease cannot avoid the production of early viral proteins, especially Tat, when HIV infection has been established. HIV-infected macrophages and glial cells inside the brain nevertheless release Tat into the extracellular space exactly where it can exert direct and indirect neurotoxicity. Thus, stable production of anti-Tat antibodies in the brain would neutralize HIV-1 Tat and thus offer an efficient strategy to protect neurons. Methods: We constructed a humanized anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein using the purpose of antagonizing HIV-1 Tat and delivered the gene into cell lines and principal human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) by an HIV-based lentiviral vector. The function from the anti-Tat Hutat2:Fc fusion protein and also the prospective unwanted effects of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer had been evaluated in vitro. Final results: Our study demonstrated that HIV-1-based lentiviral vector-mediated gene transduction resulted in a high-level, steady expression of anti-HIV-1 Tat Hutat2:Fc in human neuronal and monocytic cell lines, at the same time as in key hMDM. Hutat2:Fc was detectable in each cells and supernatants and continued to accumulate to higher levels inside the supernatant. Hutat2:Fc protected mouse cortical neurons against HIV-1 Tat86-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, each secreted Hutat2:Fc and transduced hMDM led to reducing HIV-1BaL viral replication in human macrophages. In addition, lentiviral vector-based gene introduction didn’t lead to any important alterations in cytomorphology and cell viability. Despite the fact that the expression of IL8, STAT1, and IDO1 genes was up-regulated in transduced hMDM, such alternation in gene expression did not have an effect on the neuroprotective effect of Hutat2:Fc. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated gene transfer could efficiently provide the Hutat2:Fc gene into principal hMDM and does not cause any important changes in hMDM immune-activation. The neuroprotective and HIV-1 suppressive effects produced by Hutat2:Fc have been comparable to that of a full-length anti-Tat antibody. This study delivers the foundation and insights for future analysis around the potential use of Hutat2:Fc as a novel gene therapy approach for HAND by means of utilizing monocytes/macrophages, which naturally cross the blood-brain barrier, for gene delivery. Keywords and phrases: Anti-Tat antibody, HIV-1, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Human monocyte-derived macrophages, Lentivirus, Neuroprotection Correspondence: yongtaos@hotmail; [email protected] 1 Division of Infectious Ailments, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical CK1 Storage & Stability University, 569 Xinsi Roa.