S, SalB is designated as a major element of Danshen within the official Chinese Pharmacopoeia

S, SalB is designated as a major element of Danshen within the official Chinese Pharmacopoeia [11]. In S. miltiorrhiza, the biosynthesis of RA and SalB originates from phenylpropanoid and tyrosine-derived pathways [12]. The phenylpropanoid pathway incorporates three key enzymes, namely phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). For the tyrosine-derived pathway, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR) and tyrosinePublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is an open access write-up distributed beneath the terms and circumstances on the Inventive Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ four.0/).Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 7895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijmshttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijmsInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22,2 ofaminotransferase (TAT) would be the key enzymes. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase C3 H (CYP98A14) catalyze the biosynthesis of RA and SalB [135]. A lot of reports have indicated that various transcription factors take part in the regulation of phenolic acid accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. As an illustration, SmbHLH3 can be a AT1 Receptor Agonist Formulation negative regulatory aspect inside the biosynthesis of phenolic acids [16]. In contrast, the expression of SmMYB111 can positively regulate the accumulation of phenolic acids [17]. The SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription aspect loved ones is characterized by a extremely conserved SBP-box domain, which plays vital roles in plant development and improvement [18]. The SBP-box domain consists of 76 amino acids that include two zinc finger web pages, which especially bind for the GTAC core motif [19]. SPL genes have been extensively investigated in quite a few plants. There are actually 16 SPL genes in Arabidopsis thaliana [19], 18 SPL genes in Betula luminifera [20], 19 SPLs in rice [21], and 15 SPLs have already been identified for S. miltiorrhiza [22]. In Arabidopsis, the functions of SPL genes have been completely investigated. Most SPLs are miR156 targets, that is conserved and age-regulated in microRNA. The miR156SPL regulatory module controls multiple developmental processes, including the juvenileto-adult phase transition [23], flower formation [24], and root improvement [257]. It has been reported that 5-HT3 Receptor Modulator review AtSPL9 and AtSPL15 mediate lateral bud development and branching [28]. AtSPL9 might interact with DELLA proteins (GA signaling pathway repressors) to promote the initiation of Arabidopsis axillary buds [29,30]. AtSPL9 also interacts with JAZ proteins and contributes to insect resistance in young plants [31], whereas AtSPL9 is involved in controlling the innate immunity of A. thaliana [32]. Furthermore, AtSPL9 prevents the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes from down-regulating anthocyanin accumulation by straight interfering with all the formation of a MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcriptional complicated [33]. Despite the fact that 15 members with the SPL family members happen to be identified in S. miltiorrhiza [22], none of those have been functionally experimentally characterized to date. In accordance with phylogenetic tree evaluation, S. miltiorrhiza SPL6 (SmSPL6) and AtSPL9 are likely to cluster within the very same subgroup [22]. We speculated as to no matter whether SmSPL6 could possibly be involved within the accumulation of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza. To investigate the functionality of SmSPL6, we characterized its expr.