P foster youth placed in their care. Both the age and

P foster youth placed in their care. Both the age and physical health of the caregiver may interact with the kinship setting to predict worse mental health outcomes in children. The effects of kinship foster care among African American youth may depend on the presence of multiple contextual risks. It may be that kinship foster care improves the mental health of kinship foster youth compared to those children placed in foster homes and other out-of-home settings when the kinship foster children are placed in more enriched settings, while no differences exist if these children are placed in poorer settings. An examination of how kinship care settings and environmental factors interact to produce better or poorer mental health in the domains of internalizing and externalizing behavior is necessary to determine in what situations kinship foster care is a better option for African American youth placed out of the home. Although kinship care has become the 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride solubility placement type of choice for children removed from their homes (Geen Berrick, 2002), few conclusions have been reached on whether or not this placement is efficacious in reducing mental health problems for all children. African American children are much more likely to be placed into kinship foster care than children of other races and ethnicities, PF-04418948MedChemExpress PF-04418948 perhaps due to a historical use of family and other kin relationships to help care for children when families are in need (Brown et al., 2002). However, some researchers and policy-makers have expressed concerns that placement into kinship care is only placing children with families and environments similar to that from which they were removed initially (Dubowitz et al., 1994; Ehrle Geen, 2002). Furthermore, it appears that many African American children in kinship foster care may be moving to homes rife with similar disadvantages to those in their previous home. ResearchAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Soc Serv Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 February 25.Rufa and FowlerPagesuggests that African American children entering kinship foster care are moving to homes that are in more violent and less cohesive neighborhoods (Berrick, 1997), with caregivers who are older (Coakley et al., 2007; Barth et al., 2008a) and have poorer physical health (Barth et al., 2008a). In light of these additional risk factors, the use of kinship foster care within African American youth and families must be examined further to inform policy and practice in the child welfare system.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptPresent StudyThe present study examines the effects of kinship foster care for African American youth on mental health over time, as well as empirically investigates contexts associated with better and worse outcomes. Data from a nationally representative longitudinal study of families investigated for child maltreatment identified African American youth placed out of home following the child welfare services investigation. Analyses focus on African American youth due to their disproportionate placement into kinship foster care that likely represents different selective processes from non-African American families. Concentrating on African American youth provides an opportunity to isolate effects of kinship care and associated contextual factors within this population. Kinship placement is compared to the average effect of other out-of-home placement types over an 18-.P foster youth placed in their care. Both the age and physical health of the caregiver may interact with the kinship setting to predict worse mental health outcomes in children. The effects of kinship foster care among African American youth may depend on the presence of multiple contextual risks. It may be that kinship foster care improves the mental health of kinship foster youth compared to those children placed in foster homes and other out-of-home settings when the kinship foster children are placed in more enriched settings, while no differences exist if these children are placed in poorer settings. An examination of how kinship care settings and environmental factors interact to produce better or poorer mental health in the domains of internalizing and externalizing behavior is necessary to determine in what situations kinship foster care is a better option for African American youth placed out of the home. Although kinship care has become the placement type of choice for children removed from their homes (Geen Berrick, 2002), few conclusions have been reached on whether or not this placement is efficacious in reducing mental health problems for all children. African American children are much more likely to be placed into kinship foster care than children of other races and ethnicities, perhaps due to a historical use of family and other kin relationships to help care for children when families are in need (Brown et al., 2002). However, some researchers and policy-makers have expressed concerns that placement into kinship care is only placing children with families and environments similar to that from which they were removed initially (Dubowitz et al., 1994; Ehrle Geen, 2002). Furthermore, it appears that many African American children in kinship foster care may be moving to homes rife with similar disadvantages to those in their previous home. ResearchAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Soc Serv Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 February 25.Rufa and FowlerPagesuggests that African American children entering kinship foster care are moving to homes that are in more violent and less cohesive neighborhoods (Berrick, 1997), with caregivers who are older (Coakley et al., 2007; Barth et al., 2008a) and have poorer physical health (Barth et al., 2008a). In light of these additional risk factors, the use of kinship foster care within African American youth and families must be examined further to inform policy and practice in the child welfare system.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptPresent StudyThe present study examines the effects of kinship foster care for African American youth on mental health over time, as well as empirically investigates contexts associated with better and worse outcomes. Data from a nationally representative longitudinal study of families investigated for child maltreatment identified African American youth placed out of home following the child welfare services investigation. Analyses focus on African American youth due to their disproportionate placement into kinship foster care that likely represents different selective processes from non-African American families. Concentrating on African American youth provides an opportunity to isolate effects of kinship care and associated contextual factors within this population. Kinship placement is compared to the average effect of other out-of-home placement types over an 18-.