Nts are mainly small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides, consistent with degradation

Nts are mainly small GSK1278863 web deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides, consistent with degradation of the 39 protruding DNA ends generated upon meganuclease cleavage. Trex2 exonuclease thus strongly enhances meganuclease-induced TM, with the monomeric single-chain design (scTrex) appearing more effective than the homodimeric wild-type. The impact of Trex2 or scTrex on meganuclease-induced TM was subsequently investigated at three endogenous loci: RAG1, DMD21 and CAPNS1. Analysis of these loci upon appropriate meganuclease expression shows that TM frequencies of 0.8 to 14 can be achieved in human 293H cells in the absence of exogenous exonuclease activity (Figure 2C). As in the GFP model, scTrex is again more effective, stimulating the efficiency of TM up to 6-foldMethods to Improve Targeted ADX48621 web Mutagenesiswith resulting frequencies of ,5 for the RAG1 and DMD loci and ,23 for the CAPNS1 locus (Figure 2C). Detected events are associated with small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides, representing more than 60 of all TM events (Figure S2). Although scTrex consistently outperformed the wild-type molecule in all our assays, we reasoned that we could further enhance its effectiveness by localizing the scTrex activity to the meganuclease cleavage site. To this end, scTrex-meganuclease fusions were generated by linking the C-terminus of scTrex to the N-terminus of three different meganucleases: GS, RAG1m and CAPNS1m (Data S2). Resulting chimeric meganucleases exhibited properties comparable to their respective parent proteins as evidenced by cleavage activity measured using an extrachromosomal SSA assay in CHO-K1 cells as well as toxicity profiles (Figure 24272870 S3). The scTrex-GS fusion protein resulted in a significant increase in TM frequency in our GFP cellular model, with 10.7 events compared to 6.8 with co-transfection (Figure 2A). Molecular analysis shows that the meganuclease-alone induced frequency of 2.9 60.6 TM can be boosted to 29.2 69.2 using the chimeric construct (Figure 2B). Similar enhancements in meganuclease-induced events were observed for the scTrex-RAG1 and scTrex-CAPNS1 proteins tested on endogenous targets in 293H cells. Whereas expression of RAG1m or CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.4 or 15 TM events, respectively (Figure 2D), the chimeric scTrex-RAG1 and scTrex-CAPNS1 generate TM frequencies of 8.4 and 35.8 , respectively. As previously observed, the majority (70 ) of TM events are small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides (Figure S4). Moreover, close examination of the TM induced by RAG1m revealed that 44 of the events correspond to a 9 nucleotide deletion resulting from a 5 bp microhomology located within RAG1 target site. Additionally, although CAPNS1m induces large sequence deletions, the use of scTrexCAPNS1 virtually eliminated these events (Figure S4). Analogous results were obtained in experiments using Detroit 551 human fetal primary fibroblasts (D551). In this cell type, expression of CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.6 60.5 TM events while co-expression of scTrex and scTrex-CAPNS1 or TdT increases the meganuclease-induced TM frequencies to 21.5 62.4 and 26.4 66.7 or 27.5 62.5, respectively (Figure 3A). As in 293H cells, the respective Trex2 and TdT hallmarks of mutagenesis are observed in D551 cells, with nearly 90 small deletions (Trex2, Figure S5A) or insertions (Tdt, Figure S5B) among the TM events. Interestingly, CAPNS1m alone almost exclusively induced large deletions in 293H cell genome (Figure S2) yet it produced about 50 of small deletions w.Nts are mainly small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides, consistent with degradation of the 39 protruding DNA ends generated upon meganuclease cleavage. Trex2 exonuclease thus strongly enhances meganuclease-induced TM, with the monomeric single-chain design (scTrex) appearing more effective than the homodimeric wild-type. The impact of Trex2 or scTrex on meganuclease-induced TM was subsequently investigated at three endogenous loci: RAG1, DMD21 and CAPNS1. Analysis of these loci upon appropriate meganuclease expression shows that TM frequencies of 0.8 to 14 can be achieved in human 293H cells in the absence of exogenous exonuclease activity (Figure 2C). As in the GFP model, scTrex is again more effective, stimulating the efficiency of TM up to 6-foldMethods to Improve Targeted Mutagenesiswith resulting frequencies of ,5 for the RAG1 and DMD loci and ,23 for the CAPNS1 locus (Figure 2C). Detected events are associated with small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides, representing more than 60 of all TM events (Figure S2). Although scTrex consistently outperformed the wild-type molecule in all our assays, we reasoned that we could further enhance its effectiveness by localizing the scTrex activity to the meganuclease cleavage site. To this end, scTrex-meganuclease fusions were generated by linking the C-terminus of scTrex to the N-terminus of three different meganucleases: GS, RAG1m and CAPNS1m (Data S2). Resulting chimeric meganucleases exhibited properties comparable to their respective parent proteins as evidenced by cleavage activity measured using an extrachromosomal SSA assay in CHO-K1 cells as well as toxicity profiles (Figure 24272870 S3). The scTrex-GS fusion protein resulted in a significant increase in TM frequency in our GFP cellular model, with 10.7 events compared to 6.8 with co-transfection (Figure 2A). Molecular analysis shows that the meganuclease-alone induced frequency of 2.9 60.6 TM can be boosted to 29.2 69.2 using the chimeric construct (Figure 2B). Similar enhancements in meganuclease-induced events were observed for the scTrex-RAG1 and scTrex-CAPNS1 proteins tested on endogenous targets in 293H cells. Whereas expression of RAG1m or CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.4 or 15 TM events, respectively (Figure 2D), the chimeric scTrex-RAG1 and scTrex-CAPNS1 generate TM frequencies of 8.4 and 35.8 , respectively. As previously observed, the majority (70 ) of TM events are small deletions of 2 to 4 nucleotides (Figure S4). Moreover, close examination of the TM induced by RAG1m revealed that 44 of the events correspond to a 9 nucleotide deletion resulting from a 5 bp microhomology located within RAG1 target site. Additionally, although CAPNS1m induces large sequence deletions, the use of scTrexCAPNS1 virtually eliminated these events (Figure S4). Analogous results were obtained in experiments using Detroit 551 human fetal primary fibroblasts (D551). In this cell type, expression of CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.6 60.5 TM events while co-expression of scTrex and scTrex-CAPNS1 or TdT increases the meganuclease-induced TM frequencies to 21.5 62.4 and 26.4 66.7 or 27.5 62.5, respectively (Figure 3A). As in 293H cells, the respective Trex2 and TdT hallmarks of mutagenesis are observed in D551 cells, with nearly 90 small deletions (Trex2, Figure S5A) or insertions (Tdt, Figure S5B) among the TM events. Interestingly, CAPNS1m alone almost exclusively induced large deletions in 293H cell genome (Figure S2) yet it produced about 50 of small deletions w.