Hina, Burma, India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam [8]. This termite species is

Hina, Burma, India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam [8]. This termite species is an important pest of crops, plantations, and forests in China. Furthermore, this species can build large subterranean cavities inside earthen dikes and dams, thereby damaging piping, which can result in the 1379592 collapse of the dikes and dams [9]. To date, thepatterns of caste differentiation and intercolonial aggression in O. formosanus have been studied [10?2], but there are no research reports about molecular basis underlying its caste differentiation and aggression. Despite its significant importance of biology and economics, genomic sequence resources available for O. formosanus are very scarce. Up to June 28th, 2012, we found that there are about 140,730 ESTs and 26,207 nucleotide sequences in NCBI databases for Coptotermes, followed by Reticulitermes (24,681 ESTs and 4,664 nucleotide sequences), Macrotermes (1,708 ESTs and 822 nucleotide sequences) and Cryptotermes (3 ESTs and 323 nucleotide sequences). However, there are no ESTs and only 818 nucleotide sequences deposited in NCBI databases for Odontotermes. Therefore, application of the advanced sequencing technology to characterize transcriptome and obtain more ESTs of Odontotermes is very GSK2334470 web necessary. Currently, some advanced sequencing technologies, such as Illumina sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing, have been used toTranscriptome and Gene Expression in Termitecarry out high-throughput sequencing and have rapidly improved the efficiency and speed of mining genes [13?8]. Moreover, these sequencing technologies have greatly improved the sensitivity of gene expression profiling, and is expected to promote collaborative and comparative genomics studies [19,20]. Thus, we selected the Illumina sequencing to characterize the complete head transcriptome of O. formosanus. In the present study, a total of 57,271,634 raw sequencing reads were generated from one plate (8 lanes) of sequencing. After transcriptome assembly, 221,728 contigs were obtained, and these contigs were further clustered into 116,885 unigenes with 9,040 distinct clusters and 107,845 distinct singletons. In the head transcriptome database, we predicted simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and detected GSK962040 chemical information putative genes involved in caste differentiation and aggression. Furthermore, we compared the gene expression profiles of the three putative genes involved in caste differentiation and one putative gene involved in aggression among workers, soldiers and larvae of O. formosanus. The assembled, annotated transcriptome sequences and gene expression profiles provide an invaluable resource for the identification of genes involved in caste differentiation, aggressive behavior and other biological characters in O. formosanus and other termite species.to 14.95 for sequences between 100 to 500 bp (Figure 3). The result indicates that the proportion of sequences with matches in the nr database is greater among the longer assembled sequences. The E-value distribution of the top hits in the nr database ranged from 0 to 1.0E25 (Figure 4A). The similarity distribution of the top BLAST hits for each sequence ranged from 17 to 100 (Figure 4B). For species distribution, 16.0 of the distinct sequences have top matches trained with sequences from Tribolium castaneum (Figure 4C). Of all the unigenes, 22,895 (19.59 ) had BLAST hits in Swiss-Prot database and matched to 12,497 unique protein entries.Functional Classification by GO and COGGO functional analyses provide GO f.Hina, Burma, India, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam [8]. This termite species is an important pest of crops, plantations, and forests in China. Furthermore, this species can build large subterranean cavities inside earthen dikes and dams, thereby damaging piping, which can result in the 1379592 collapse of the dikes and dams [9]. To date, thepatterns of caste differentiation and intercolonial aggression in O. formosanus have been studied [10?2], but there are no research reports about molecular basis underlying its caste differentiation and aggression. Despite its significant importance of biology and economics, genomic sequence resources available for O. formosanus are very scarce. Up to June 28th, 2012, we found that there are about 140,730 ESTs and 26,207 nucleotide sequences in NCBI databases for Coptotermes, followed by Reticulitermes (24,681 ESTs and 4,664 nucleotide sequences), Macrotermes (1,708 ESTs and 822 nucleotide sequences) and Cryptotermes (3 ESTs and 323 nucleotide sequences). However, there are no ESTs and only 818 nucleotide sequences deposited in NCBI databases for Odontotermes. Therefore, application of the advanced sequencing technology to characterize transcriptome and obtain more ESTs of Odontotermes is very necessary. Currently, some advanced sequencing technologies, such as Illumina sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing, have been used toTranscriptome and Gene Expression in Termitecarry out high-throughput sequencing and have rapidly improved the efficiency and speed of mining genes [13?8]. Moreover, these sequencing technologies have greatly improved the sensitivity of gene expression profiling, and is expected to promote collaborative and comparative genomics studies [19,20]. Thus, we selected the Illumina sequencing to characterize the complete head transcriptome of O. formosanus. In the present study, a total of 57,271,634 raw sequencing reads were generated from one plate (8 lanes) of sequencing. After transcriptome assembly, 221,728 contigs were obtained, and these contigs were further clustered into 116,885 unigenes with 9,040 distinct clusters and 107,845 distinct singletons. In the head transcriptome database, we predicted simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and detected putative genes involved in caste differentiation and aggression. Furthermore, we compared the gene expression profiles of the three putative genes involved in caste differentiation and one putative gene involved in aggression among workers, soldiers and larvae of O. formosanus. The assembled, annotated transcriptome sequences and gene expression profiles provide an invaluable resource for the identification of genes involved in caste differentiation, aggressive behavior and other biological characters in O. formosanus and other termite species.to 14.95 for sequences between 100 to 500 bp (Figure 3). The result indicates that the proportion of sequences with matches in the nr database is greater among the longer assembled sequences. The E-value distribution of the top hits in the nr database ranged from 0 to 1.0E25 (Figure 4A). The similarity distribution of the top BLAST hits for each sequence ranged from 17 to 100 (Figure 4B). For species distribution, 16.0 of the distinct sequences have top matches trained with sequences from Tribolium castaneum (Figure 4C). Of all the unigenes, 22,895 (19.59 ) had BLAST hits in Swiss-Prot database and matched to 12,497 unique protein entries.Functional Classification by GO and COGGO functional analyses provide GO f.