Rry Constituents3) 4)5)6)to activate a-glucosidase enzyme, which might lead to an

Rry Constituents3) 4)5)6)to activate a-glucosidase enzyme, which might lead to an increase in the blood glucose level [19]. Polysaccharides from M. alba leaves exerted strong competitive inhibition of a-glucosidase [19]. Glycopeptides isolated from the root bark of the white mulberry tree showed insulin-like effect on experimentally induced diabetic rats [4,7]. An apolar, volatile-oil like fraction of a hot water extract (i.e. tea) of M. alba leaves was found to increase the in vitro glucose consumption of adipocytes, and several phenyl-propane derivatives including cinnamic acid were identified in the fraction by means of GC-MS [20]. Ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone and inokosterone [21]) might also contribute to the anti-diabetic activity of mulberry leaves, as these compounds can enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin in rats when applied per os [22].Despite (or exactly due to) the richness of M. alba leaves in various constituents exerting anti-diabetic activity, an overview on the relative importance of the individual compounds regarding the complex anti-diabetic effect is not available in the literature. However, such evaluation would be very important for a rational standardization of mulberry products. In view of the Ollection (group II) (Fig 8). RT-PCR was performed using total RNA extracted scientific literature, currently the iminosugars seem to be held the most important active constituents of mulberry leaves. These compounds lack a UV absorbing cromophore group, which makes them less convenient marker compounds: most typically sophisticated HPLC-MS techniques are suggested to their determination [23,24].In our preliminary experiments [25], we have found high amounts of chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin present in a 70 ethanol extract of the white mulberry leaves, which extract was active in vivo; structures of these three compounds are shown in Figure 1. Considering that 10 mg/kg of chlorogenic acid was previously found to exert significant hypoglycaemic activity on non-neonatal streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [26] and rutin has also been described for its hypoglycaemic activity at a dose of 25 mg/kg on such a rat model [27], these compounds might significantly contribute to the overall anti-diabetic action of the extract. Results of the investigation of this order Tubastatin-A hypothesis are described and discussed in the present paper.Results and DiscussionSTZ is a natural substance specifically toxic to pancreatic b cells. For this reason it is widely utilized to 18325633 induce diabetes in mice and rats. The characteristics of the developing diabetes are fundamentally determined by the age of the animal. A single or repeated treatment of adult rats results in a sharply and seriously elevated plasma glucose level accompanied by polyuria and polydipsia, and the correction of hyperglycemia requires parenteral insulintreatment. This state shares the characteristics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is therefore the intervention of choice when hyperglycemia-induced structural or functional deviations are to be studied [28]. Although the high plasma glucose level is hard to be modified by orally administered agents, this state (IDDM) is frequently but inappropriately considered as an experimental model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). On the other hand, NIDDM can be elicited by a single intraperitoneal STZ treatment of neonatal rats [29,30]. At 8?10 weeks of age and thereafter, rats show nearly normal fasting but substantially elevated postprandial blood glucose levels. It is impor.Rry Constituents3) 4)5)6)to activate a-glucosidase enzyme, which might lead to an increase in the blood glucose level [19]. Polysaccharides from M. alba leaves exerted strong competitive inhibition of a-glucosidase [19]. Glycopeptides isolated from the root bark of the white mulberry tree showed insulin-like effect on experimentally induced diabetic rats [4,7]. An apolar, volatile-oil like fraction of a hot water extract (i.e. tea) of M. alba leaves was found to increase the in vitro glucose consumption of adipocytes, and several phenyl-propane derivatives including cinnamic acid were identified in the fraction by means of GC-MS [20]. Ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone and inokosterone [21]) might also contribute to the anti-diabetic activity of mulberry leaves, as these compounds can enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin in rats when applied per os [22].Despite (or exactly due to) the richness of M. alba leaves in various constituents exerting anti-diabetic activity, an overview on the relative importance of the individual compounds regarding the complex anti-diabetic effect is not available in the literature. However, such evaluation would be very important for a rational standardization of mulberry products. In view of the scientific literature, currently the iminosugars seem to be held the most important active constituents of mulberry leaves. These compounds lack a UV absorbing cromophore group, which makes them less convenient marker compounds: most typically sophisticated HPLC-MS techniques are suggested to their determination [23,24].In our preliminary experiments [25], we have found high amounts of chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin present in a 70 ethanol extract of the white mulberry leaves, which extract was active in vivo; structures of these three compounds are shown in Figure 1. Considering that 10 mg/kg of chlorogenic acid was previously found to exert significant hypoglycaemic activity on non-neonatal streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [26] and rutin has also been described for its hypoglycaemic activity at a dose of 25 mg/kg on such a rat model [27], these compounds might significantly contribute to the overall anti-diabetic action of the extract. Results of the investigation of this hypothesis are described and discussed in the present paper.Results and DiscussionSTZ is a natural substance specifically toxic to pancreatic b cells. For this reason it is widely utilized to 18325633 induce diabetes in mice and rats. The characteristics of the developing diabetes are fundamentally determined by the age of the animal. A single or repeated treatment of adult rats results in a sharply and seriously elevated plasma glucose level accompanied by polyuria and polydipsia, and the correction of hyperglycemia requires parenteral insulintreatment. This state shares the characteristics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is therefore the intervention of choice when hyperglycemia-induced structural or functional deviations are to be studied [28]. Although the high plasma glucose level is hard to be modified by orally administered agents, this state (IDDM) is frequently but inappropriately considered as an experimental model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). On the other hand, NIDDM can be elicited by a single intraperitoneal STZ treatment of neonatal rats [29,30]. At 8?10 weeks of age and thereafter, rats show nearly normal fasting but substantially elevated postprandial blood glucose levels. It is impor.