S (Figure S4). It also depends on the secretion by the

S (Figure S4). It also depends on the secretion by the antigen-presenting DC of TGF-b [18]. Accordingly, BMDC stimulated with different LPS variants were incubated with OT-II Rag-22/2 T cells in the presence of the OVA or OVA257?64 peptide (0.06 mg/mL), with or without TGFb (Figure S4). We could observe that OVA and peptide-pulsed BMDC were both capable of inducing the activation of OT-II Rag-22/2 CD4+ T cells as measured by CD25 expression (Figure S4). However, DC stimulation either by tetra-acyl or hexa-acyl LPS did not trigger Treg responses in mouse BMDC (Figure S4A). The addition of 298690-60-5 custom synthesis exogenous TGF-b to 1531364 the culture did not confer to LPS-activated DC the ability to generate Treg cells (Figure S4B). We then studied the capacity of human mDC activated by tetraacyl LPS to induce Treg cells. Human DC activated by LPS ?variants were co-cultured with allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells and Treg population was analysed by flow cytometry (Figure 8). We could observe that mDC activated by tetra-acyl LPS induced a higher Treg population characterized by the expression of Foxp3 and a high CD25 expression at the cell surface (Figure 8). This activation profile could be due to the fact that human DC activated by different forms of tetraacyl LPS, including the synthetic Lipid IVa display an intermediate profile of DC maturation (as shown here for IL-4 DC in Figure S5) then leading to Treg proliferation.In Contrast to Murine BMDC, Tetra-acyl LPS Activate Human DC to Induce Treg cellsDiscussionThe innate immune system possesses various mechanisms to detect and facilitate host responses to microbial components such as LPS [19]. It has been described that each change in chemical composition of LPS causes a dramatic decrease of its activity down to a complete loss of endotoxicity [6]. Different cell types, mainly human and mouse monocytes/macrophages have been used to study LPS structural requirements for its immunostimulatory properties. However, to determine the endotoxic activity of enterobacterial LPS, previous studies have mainly concentrated on cytokine production. Consequently, a decrease in IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-a secretion by cells stimulated with LPS harboring acylation defects has been considered as a lack of immunogenicity or a defect of Arg8-vasopressin pro-inflammatory signaling [9,10,20]. In contrast, we show here that LPS with acylation defects efficiently induce a potent activation of TLR4-dependent signaling in mouse andhuman DC that leads to a strong cytokine synthesis, which in turn triggers the activation of the proteasome machinery. The consequence is the degradation of intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines and consequently the decrease of their secretion. This hypothesis corroborates previous results, which showed a decrease of cytokine secretion in 24786787 tetra-acyl LPS-treated macrophages [8,9,10,20]. The difference in the activation potential of LPS variants in terms of cytokine secretion could affect the output of the DC immune response. DC activated by tetra-acyl LPS triggered CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses both in mouse and human DC. However, human DC activated by LPS with acylation defects displayed a semi-mature phenotype and induced Treg responses. There could be several mechanisms by which tetra-acyl LPS interact with human DC to elicit distinct types of TH responses. Functional differences between the different subsets of human myeloid DC could be one possible explanation. Two main populations of circulating DC termed myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoi.S (Figure S4). It also depends on the secretion by the antigen-presenting DC of TGF-b [18]. Accordingly, BMDC stimulated with different LPS variants were incubated with OT-II Rag-22/2 T cells in the presence of the OVA or OVA257?64 peptide (0.06 mg/mL), with or without TGFb (Figure S4). We could observe that OVA and peptide-pulsed BMDC were both capable of inducing the activation of OT-II Rag-22/2 CD4+ T cells as measured by CD25 expression (Figure S4). However, DC stimulation either by tetra-acyl or hexa-acyl LPS did not trigger Treg responses in mouse BMDC (Figure S4A). The addition of exogenous TGF-b to 1531364 the culture did not confer to LPS-activated DC the ability to generate Treg cells (Figure S4B). We then studied the capacity of human mDC activated by tetraacyl LPS to induce Treg cells. Human DC activated by LPS ?variants were co-cultured with allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells and Treg population was analysed by flow cytometry (Figure 8). We could observe that mDC activated by tetra-acyl LPS induced a higher Treg population characterized by the expression of Foxp3 and a high CD25 expression at the cell surface (Figure 8). This activation profile could be due to the fact that human DC activated by different forms of tetraacyl LPS, including the synthetic Lipid IVa display an intermediate profile of DC maturation (as shown here for IL-4 DC in Figure S5) then leading to Treg proliferation.In Contrast to Murine BMDC, Tetra-acyl LPS Activate Human DC to Induce Treg cellsDiscussionThe innate immune system possesses various mechanisms to detect and facilitate host responses to microbial components such as LPS [19]. It has been described that each change in chemical composition of LPS causes a dramatic decrease of its activity down to a complete loss of endotoxicity [6]. Different cell types, mainly human and mouse monocytes/macrophages have been used to study LPS structural requirements for its immunostimulatory properties. However, to determine the endotoxic activity of enterobacterial LPS, previous studies have mainly concentrated on cytokine production. Consequently, a decrease in IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-a secretion by cells stimulated with LPS harboring acylation defects has been considered as a lack of immunogenicity or a defect of pro-inflammatory signaling [9,10,20]. In contrast, we show here that LPS with acylation defects efficiently induce a potent activation of TLR4-dependent signaling in mouse andhuman DC that leads to a strong cytokine synthesis, which in turn triggers the activation of the proteasome machinery. The consequence is the degradation of intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines and consequently the decrease of their secretion. This hypothesis corroborates previous results, which showed a decrease of cytokine secretion in 24786787 tetra-acyl LPS-treated macrophages [8,9,10,20]. The difference in the activation potential of LPS variants in terms of cytokine secretion could affect the output of the DC immune response. DC activated by tetra-acyl LPS triggered CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses both in mouse and human DC. However, human DC activated by LPS with acylation defects displayed a semi-mature phenotype and induced Treg responses. There could be several mechanisms by which tetra-acyl LPS interact with human DC to elicit distinct types of TH responses. Functional differences between the different subsets of human myeloid DC could be one possible explanation. Two main populations of circulating DC termed myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoi.