M). Stimuli phase 1: box beneficiary and victim events. All movement details in Experiment 2 were as in Experiment 1, aside from those changes that were necessary to flip the puppets’ agent/patient roles. Each event began when the curtain rose to reveal the Pigs resting at each rear corner of the puppet stage and the box containing a colorful toy in the middle. The Cow then entered from underneath the back curtain, but instead of moving forward and attempting to open the box himself he simply paused just in front of the curtain while one of the Pigs made a failed attempt to open the box. NVP-BKM120 Specifically, during Beneficiary Events, the Beneficiary Pig ran forward and looked into the box, and then tried but failed to open it. On the Beneficiary’s fifth failed attempt, the Cow intervened 
by running around from behind the box to the side of the stage opposite the Beneficiary Pig, and grasped the lid and opened it together with the Beneficiary. The Beneficiary then jumped into the box and lay down on the toy inside, achieving its goal, and the Cow jumped off the box and ran offstage. During Victim Events, the Victim Pig ran forward and tried but failed to open the box; on the Victim’s fifth attempt the Cow ran to the side of the box opposite the Victim Pig and jumped sideways onto the box lid, slamming it shut. The Victim jumped off the PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19905010 box and lay his head on the table, failing to achieve his goal, and the Cow jumped off the box and ran offstage. Infants’ attention following each event was coded as in Experiment 1. Once infants’ reached the habituation criterion or watched 14 total Beneficiary and Victim events, theResults from Experiment 1 suggest that given more time to process the initial prosocial and antisocial acts of the eventual targets of giving and taking, even 4.5-month-olds demonstrate contextdependent social evaluations, preferring those who are nice (over mean) to nice puppets and those who are mean (over nice) to mean puppets. To rule out simple valence-matching effects for infants’ choices, a new group of 4.5-month-olds chose between a Giver to and a Taker from a Victim Target as in Hamlin et al. (2011). It was predicted that 4.5-month-olds would Saracatinib custom synthesis prefer the Giver to the TakerFrontiers in Psychology | Developmental PsychologyJune 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 614 |HamlinContext-dependent social evaluation in 4.5-month-oldsFIGURE 2 | Results. Infants’ choices for the giver versus the taker (in ) across conditions. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.00005, ****p < 0.0000005.Victim was made the Target of giving and taking during Stimuli Phase 2. Stimuli Phase 2: giving and taking events. As in Experiment 1, Giving and Taking in Stage 2 was puppeteered by the coder from Stage 1. Giving and Taking Events in Phase 2 of Experiment 2 were absolutely identical to Giving and Taking Events in Phase 2 of Experiment 1. Rather than the Target of Giving and Taking being either the Prosocial or the Antisocial Pig, it was always the Victim Pig. Choice phase. As in Experiment 1, the choice was presented by the coder from Phase 2 who had puppeteered the Beneficiary/Victim Events during Phase 1. Although Experiment 2 was not "double blind" in the same way as Experiment 1 (because only the Victim condition was run), the choice presenter was entirely unaware of which puppet had been the Giver and the Taker during Phase 2 and so s/he could not unduly influence infants' choices. An additional 25 of infants' choices in each condition were recoded for reliabi.M). Stimuli phase 1: box beneficiary and victim events. All movement details in Experiment 2 were as in Experiment 1, aside from those changes that were necessary to flip the puppets' agent/patient roles. Each event began when the curtain rose to reveal the Pigs resting at each rear corner of the puppet stage and the box containing a colorful toy in the middle. The Cow then entered from underneath the back curtain, but instead of moving forward and attempting to open the box himself he simply paused just in front of the curtain while one of the Pigs made a failed attempt to open the box. Specifically, during Beneficiary Events, the Beneficiary Pig ran forward and looked into the box, and then tried but failed to open it. On the Beneficiary's fifth failed attempt, the Cow intervened by running around from behind the box to the side of the stage opposite the Beneficiary Pig, and grasped the lid and opened it together with the Beneficiary. The Beneficiary then jumped into the box and lay down on the toy inside, achieving its goal, and the Cow jumped off the box and ran offstage. During Victim Events, the Victim Pig ran forward and tried but failed to open the box; on the Victim's fifth attempt the Cow ran to the side of the box opposite the Victim Pig and jumped sideways onto the box lid, slamming it shut. The Victim jumped off the PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19905010 box and lay his head on the table, failing to achieve his goal, and the Cow jumped off the box and ran offstage. Infants’ attention following each event was coded as in Experiment 1. Once infants’ reached the habituation criterion or watched 14 total Beneficiary and Victim events, theResults from Experiment 1 suggest that given more time to process the initial prosocial and antisocial acts of the eventual targets of giving and taking, even 4.5-month-olds demonstrate contextdependent social evaluations, preferring those who are nice (over mean) to nice puppets and those who are mean (over nice) to mean puppets. To rule out simple valence-matching effects for infants’ choices, a new group of 4.5-month-olds chose between a Giver to and a Taker from a Victim Target as in 
Hamlin et al. (2011). It was predicted that 4.5-month-olds would prefer the Giver to the TakerFrontiers in Psychology | Developmental PsychologyJune 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 614 |HamlinContext-dependent social evaluation in 4.5-month-oldsFIGURE 2 | Results. Infants’ choices for the giver versus the taker (in ) across conditions. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.00005, ****p < 0.0000005.Victim was made the Target of giving and taking during Stimuli Phase 2. Stimuli Phase 2: giving and taking events. As in Experiment 1, Giving and Taking in Stage 2 was puppeteered by the coder from Stage 1. Giving and Taking Events in Phase 2 of Experiment 2 were absolutely identical to Giving and Taking Events in Phase 2 of Experiment 1. Rather than the Target of Giving and Taking being either the Prosocial or the Antisocial Pig, it was always the Victim Pig. Choice phase. As in Experiment 1, the choice was presented by the coder from Phase 2 who had puppeteered the Beneficiary/Victim Events during Phase 1. Although Experiment 2 was not "double blind" in the same way as Experiment 1 (because only the Victim condition was run), the choice presenter was entirely unaware of which puppet had been the Giver and the Taker during Phase 2 and so s/he could not unduly influence infants' choices. An additional 25 of infants' choices in each condition were recoded for reliabi.