the complement cascade. Transcription of only two genes related to defense and inflammation were significantly Transcription Profile of Bovine Placenta in Brucella abortus Infection Function and GenBank identification Cell biogenesis actin. gamma 2. smooth muscle. enteric calponin 1. basic. smooth muscle LysM. putative peptidoglycan-binding. Luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside web domain containing 3 myosin. heavy chain 11. smooth muscle tropomyosin 1 tropomyosin 2 keratin 6A matrilin 3 myosin light chain 2a-like LysM. putative peptidoglycan-binding. domain containing 3 Cell cycle/DNA processing esophageal cancer related gene 4 protein establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2-like -box 7 cAMP responsive element modulator histone cluster 1. H1d nuclear receptor coactivator 7 centromere-binding factor 5 like PUA domain containing protein with a type I pseudouridine synthase domain SAMD9_HUMAN Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9 T-box 19 mRNA Defense and inflammation CCAAT/enhancer 
binding protein. Alternatively, since the VirB T4SS was recently shown to promote translocation of BtpB into host cells, the increased inflammatory signature in cells infected with the virB2 mutant could PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19673813 result from reduced translocation of BtpB to the cytosol PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674121 of infected trophoblasts within the CAM explants, and consequently, reduced suppression of TLR signaling. Confirming previous results from our group that demonstrated that B. abortus inhibits a proinflammatory responses in infected bovine CAM at early stages of infection, microarray analysis revealed decreased transcription of genes related to immune response and cellular stress such as chemokine ligand 12, Pellino homolog 2, TRAF2 and NCK interacting kinase, N-myc downstream regulated 1 and serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 5. CXCL12, or stromal-derived factor 1, is the only ligand for CXCR4 and its decrease may affect various biological processes, including hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, vascular and neuronal development, and traffic of immune cells. In trophoblastic cells infected with B. abortus, the reduction of CXCL12 can also cause decreased interaction with CXCR4, which can be deleterious for the developing fetus and affect immune responses. PELI2 is involved in signaling pathways by TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and IL1 by interaction with the complex containing IRAK kinases and TRAF6. It mediates polyubiquination of IRAK1 and can activate MAP kinase pathways. TNIK, in turn, is regulated by TRAF2, and it is induced by stress, external stimuli and by signal transducers like JNK and NF-kB after stimulation by TNF-a. It also acts protecting cells from apoptosis. NDRG1 is involved in regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, 14 Transcription Profile of Bovine Placenta in Brucella abortus Infection as well as cellular response to stress. In human trophoblastic cells, this gene promotes cell viability and protection against injury due to hypoxia, a condition that is commonly associated with placental injury and impaired fetal development. SPINK5 is a serine protease inhibitor, probably related to an anti-inflammatory response. In humans, it is important for protection against pathogens, and it plays a role in formation and physiological renewal of the epidermal barrier. Decreased transcription of these genes confirms the notion of a negative modulation of the immune response at early stages of infection of bovine trophoblastic cells with B. abortus. Conversely, two genes within this category had increased transcription in bov