ibrosis is a fatal complication of chemotherapy and thoracic radiation. Five to 40% of cancer patients 10760364 develop druginduced pulmonary injury, inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in significant morbidity. Mortality rates range from 2%80% of cases, depending on the inciting agent. Because the risk of pulmonary injury rises with cumulative dose of drugs or radiation, the risk of injury limits the use of otherwise effective therapies. While PF associated with some diseasessuch as bronchiolitis CDDO-Me Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis/Inflammation obliterans organizing pneumonia and sarcoidosiscan be treated with steroids, other forms of PF 
due to chemo- and radiotherapy, including IPF fibrosis, can not be effectively treated. Current therapies only relieve symptoms and do not alter the course of the disease. However, unlike IPF, in the case of drug or radiation induced fibrosis, the initiation time of the disease is known. Therefore, there is an unmet need for effective antinflammatory and antifibrotic therapies, both to treat currently untreatable disease and for prophylactic use with cancer therapies to increase the drug dose and lower risk of lung toxicity. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid is a novel therapeutic, which has potent anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties. For example, it blunts the NF-kB proinflammatory pathway and activates the Keap1-Nrf2 anti-oxidant pathway in vitro, and attenuates the response to LPS challenge in vivo. We have reported that CDDO has potent in vitro antifibrotic activities in primary human lung fibroblasts from both normal and IPF donors. CDDO inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and expression of ECM proteins in vitro, by binding to other cellular proteins, such as transcription factors and signaling molecules, altering their activity. Several derivatives of CDDO that have improved potency, bioavailability and stability are in preclinical development. A more 10760364 stable and orally available derivative of CDDO, methyl ester of CDDO, has been evaluated for lymphomas and diabetic kidney disease, which display inflammatory and fibrotic components. An important knowledge gap is whether CDDOMe also exhibits its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties in vivo. Here, we test the concept that CDDO-Me will exhibit antiinflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. Our data indicate that CDDO-Me has high translational potential as a pulmonary anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy. oropharyngeal aspiration on day 0. Age-matched C57BL/ 6J mice were used as controls and given 40 ml PBS. Methyl Danoprevir biological activity 2cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9dien-28-oate was obtained from Reata Pharmaceuticals, and dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM. This stock was aliquoted and kept frozen at 280uC until use. The CDDO-Me stock was diluted in sterile normal saline immediately prior to use. The treatment group received 400 ng of CDDO-Me in 40 ml by OA every other day beginning on day -1. Vehicle control mice received 0.1% DMSO in saline. Experiments were performed with n = 6 mice per group with one independent experiment. Inflammation was assessed on day 7 by isolating bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for differential cell count and protein measurement. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with 250 mg/Kg i.p. Avertin and euthanized by exsanguination. The lungs were removed and lavaged twice with 0.5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. The lavage fluid was centrifuged, the total BAL cell numb